Answer to Question 1
Negative effects of air pollution on crops, forests, and other materials include the following: (t)he dying off of vegetation in large urban areas and the damage to crops, orchards, and forests downwind of urban centers are caused mainly by exposure to ozone and other photochemical oxidants. Estimates of crop damage by ozone range from 2 billion to 6 billion per year, with an estimated 1 billion in California alone. The negative impact of air pollution on wild plants and forest trees may be even greater than on agricultural crops. Significant damage to valuable ponderosa and Jeffrey pines occurred along the entire western foothills of the Sierra Nevada in California. Forests under stress from pollution are more susceptible to damage by insects and other pathogens than unstressed forests. Walls, windows, and other exposed surfaces turn gray and dingy as particulates settle on them. Paints and fabrics deteriorate more rapidly, and the sidewalls of tires and other rubber products become hard and checkered with cracks because of oxidation by ozone. Metal corrosion is increased dramatically by sulfur dioxide and acids derived from sulfur and nitrogen oxides, as are weathering and deterioration of stonework.
The pollutants mainly responsible for these effects are ozone and sulfuric and nitric acid.
Answer to Question 2
Population momentum is when a country's population continues to grow even after the total fertility rate is reduced to the replacement level. Population momentum occurs because such a small portion of the population is in the upper age groups (where most death occurs) and many children are entering their reproductive years. Even if these . . . (individuals) have only two children per woman, the number of births will far exceed the number of deaths.
The effects of beak depth on song among different species of Galapagos finches.
Humanmade pollutants may be driving the expansion of the Earth’s tropical belt seen
The following terms describe types of body movement that occur at the diarthrotic joints
Negative feedback control of a regulated variable.
Target Organ Effects
The flow of energy and the cycling of materials maintain nature’s organization