Which of following embryonic germinal tissue layers form all ...

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Which of following embryonic germinal tissue layers form all tissues and organs? 1. Endoderm 2. Mesoderm 3. Ectoderm 4. Mectoderm
 
  a. 2 only
  b. 2 and 3 only
  c. 1, 2, and 4 only
  d. 1, 2, and 3 only

Question 2

If premature delivery is anticipated, all of the following will help determine lung maturity, ex-cept:
 
  a. the presence of oligohydramnios.
  b. lecithin-sphingomyelin (L:S) ratio.
  c. phosphatidylglycero l (PG) concentration.
  d. body mass index (BMI).

[Viet Thy]

Answer to Question 1

ANS: D
The three embryologically distinct germinal tissue layers form all tissues and organs: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.

Answer to Question 2

ANS: D
Quantification of these phospholipids (the L/S ratio and PG concentration) provides a predictive index of the lung maturity in the fetus before birth and the risks of the development of respira-tory distress. For example, an L/S ratio of 2 or more indicates a relatively low risk for the devel-opment of respiratory distress syndrome while an L/S ratio of less than 1.5 is associated with a high risk. Conditions that lead to reduced fetal breathing and amniotic fluid formation (oligohy-dramnios) are linked to incomplete inflation of the lung with fluid and poorly developed (hypo-plastic) lungs.

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