Answer to Question 1
D
Answer to Question 2
Advantages to portfolios include: They are useful in integrating with student instruction; they give students an opportunity to show what they can do; they encourage students to become reflective learners; and they help students take responsibility for setting goals and evaluating their progress. Other advantages: they provide teachers and students with opportunities to collaborate and reflect on student progress; they are effective way of communicating with parents by showing concrete examples of student work and demonstrations of progress; they provide a mechanism for student-centered and student-directed conferences with parents; and they give parents concrete examples of a student's development over time as well as current skills. Among their limitations are that they are difficult to score, they often suffer from poor interrater reliability, they are more difficult to construct than they at first appear, and it is difficult to convert portfolio assessment to summative grades.
Operant conditioning, also known as trial-and-error learning.
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