Answer to Question 1
ANS: D
An open incision is made during the nephrolithotomy or pyelolithotomy procedure in order to remove a large staghorn renal calculus, which branches from the renal pelvis into the calyces and into the ureter. A nephroscope may be used during this procedure to visualize the nephrons and locate and remove fragments of calculi.
Answer to Question 2
ANS: D
A flexible filiform tip is preferred when needed to bypass a ureteral stricture or obstruction for drainage.