Answer to Question 1
A
Pressure ulcers are caused by unrelieved pressure that compromises blood flow to an area, resulting in ischemia (inadequate blood supply) in the underlying tissue. Friction and shear are extrinsic factors affecting skin integrity, which increases the risk of a client developing a pressure ulcer but is not the direct cause. Inadequate arterial blood flow to an area as a result of pressure causes the development of a pressure ulcer. Edema leads to compromised skin and tissue integrity, which is more prone to pressure injury.
Answer to Question 2
A
Osmosis involves movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, from a more dilute to a more concentrated solution. Absorption of water in the alimentary canal is an example of osmosis. Another example is reabsorption of tissue fluid into the venule ends of the blood capillaries. Diffusion is a passive process by which molecules of a solute move through a cell membrane; this does not fit the described situation. Filtration is movement of water and smaller particles from an area of high pressure (the left ventricle) to one of low pressure (the right ventricle). Active transport occurs when molecules move across cell membranes against a concentration gradient requiring the expenditure of energy. This does not describe the scenario in the question.
Palpating systolic blood pressure
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