Answer to Question 1
ANS: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6
Many diseases and conditions affect the ability to micturate. Diabetes mellitus and multiple scle-rosis cause changes in nerve functions that can lead to possible loss of bladder tone, reduced sensation of bladder fullness, or inability to inhibit bladder contractions. Older men often suffer from BPH, which makes them prone to urinary retention and incontinence. Some clients with cognitive impairments, such as Alzheimer's disease, lose the ability to sense a full bladder or are unable to recall the procedure for voiding. Diseases that slow or hinder physical activity interfere with the ability to void. Degenerative joint disease and parkinsonism are examples of conditions that make it difficult to reach and use toilet facilities. Crohn's disease is gastrointestinal in nature and does not directly affect micturition.
Answer to Question 2
ANS: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6
Diseases that cause irreversible damage to kidney tissue result in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Eventually the client has symptoms resulting from uremic syndrome. An increase in nitrogenous wastes in the blood, marked fluid and electrolyte abnormalities, oliguria, nausea, vomiting, headache, drowsiness, coma, and convulsions characterize this syndrome.
Cystostomy. An artificial opening is made through the urinary bladder wall during this procedure. As
Urinary catheterization. The procedure involves the insertion of a flexible tube, or catheter, throu
Assessing risk for infection in adults
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Anatomy of the urinary system.