Which nurse established the American Red Cross during the Civil ...

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Which nurse established the American Red Cross during the Civil War?
 
  a. Dorothea Dix
  b. Linda Richards
  c. Lena Higbee
  d. Clara Barton

Question 2

A nursing student is preparing study notes from a recent lecture in nursing history. The student would credit Florence Nightingale for which definition of nursing?
 
  a. The imbalance between the patient and the environment decreases the capacity for health.
  b. The nurse needs to focus on interpersonal processes between nurse and patient.
  c. The nurse assists the patient with essential functions toward independence.
  d. Human beings are interacting in continuous motion as energy fields.

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Answer to Question 1

ANS: D
Clara Barton practiced nursing in the Civil War and established the American Red Cross. Dorothea Dix was the head of the U.S. Sanitary Commission, which was a forerunner of the Army Nurse Corps. Linda Richards was America's first trained nurse, graduating from Boston's Women's Hospital in 1873, and Lena Higbee, superintendent of the U.S. Navy Nurse Corps, was awarded the Navy Cross in 1918.

Answer to Question 2

ANS: A
Florence Nightingale's (1860) concept of the environment emphasized prevention and clean air, water, and housing. This theory states that the imbalance between the patient and the environment decreases the capacity for health and does not allow for conservation of energy. Hildegard Peplau (1952) focused on the roles played by the nurse and the interpersonal process between a nurse and a patient. Virginia Henderson described the nurse's role as substitutive (doing for the person), supplementary (helping the person), or complementary (working with the person), with the ultimate goal of independence for the patient. Martha Rogers (1970) developed the Science of Unitary Human Beings. She stated that human beings and their environments are interacting in continuous motion as infinite energy fields.

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