|
|
Most childhood vaccines are 90–99% effective in preventing disease. Side effects are rarely serious.
Bisphosphonates were first developed in the nineteenth century. They were first investigated for use in disorders of bone metabolism in the 1960s. They are now used clinically for the treatment of osteoporosis, Paget's disease, bone metastasis, multiple myeloma, and other conditions that feature bone fragility.
Throughout history, plants containing cardiac steroids have been used as heart drugs and as poisons (e.g., in arrows used in combat), emetics, and diuretics.
Hippocrates noted that blood separates into four differently colored liquids when removed from the body and examined: a pure red liquid mixed with white liquid material with a yellow-colored froth at the top and a black substance that settles underneath; he named these the four humors (for blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile).
In 1886, William Bates reported on the discovery of a substance produced by the adrenal gland that turned out to be epinephrine (adrenaline). In 1904, this drug was first artificially synthesized by Friedrich Stolz.
![Model of a sequential study in which two cohorts were followed beginning at age 20. One cohort was f](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_6_31_05_15_8_20_42_21974458.jpeg)
![The Kingsley plantation, on Fort George Island in Jacksonville, Florida. Zephaniah Kingsley, the own](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_375552_19_08_15_9_09_52_223231620.jpeg)
![A passenger train crosses Stony Creek Bridge in the Rocky Mountains in 1878. Railroads were importan](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_27_24_08_15_1_27_03_22389406.jpeg)
![This 80-year old man in a village in Hubei, China, has slowed down, but he has not retired. He is ...](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/27/medium_660366_14_04_17_2_47_05_278452089.png)