Answer to Question 1
B
Addiction is defined as a primary, chronic, neurobiological disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors that influence its development and manifestations. It is characterized by behaviors that include one or more of the following: impaired control over drug use, compulsive use, continued use despite harm, and craving. Physical dependence is a state of adaptation that often includes tolerance and is manifested by a drug classspecific withdrawal syndrome that can be produced by abrupt cessation, rapid dose reduction, decreased blood level of the drug, and/or administration of an antagonist. Pseudoaddiction is a term that describes patient behavior that may occur when pain is undertreated. Patients with unrelieved pain may focus on obtaining medications, may clock watch, or otherwise may seem inappropriately drug seeking. Even such behaviors as illicit drug use and deception can occur in the patient's efforts to obtain relief. Pseudoaddiction can be distinguished from true addiction in that behaviors resolve when pain is effectively treated. Drug tolerance is defined as a state of adaptation in which exposure to a drug induces changes that result in diminution of one or more of the drug's effects over time.
Answer to Question 2
C
C. The primary purpose of elastic stockings is to maintain external pressure on the muscles of the lower extremities and thus promote venous return.
A. The primary purpose of elastic stockings is not to keep the skin warm and dry.
B. Elastic stockings are not used to prevent abnormal joint flexion.
D. Elastic stockings are not primarily used to prevent bleeding. They are used to prevent clot formation due to venous stasis.
Teaching an illterate patient
Patient teaching: neck assessment
A surgeon holds a pacemaker next to an X-ray of a pacemaker implanted in a patient’s chest.
Head of a patient with tertiary syphilis.
A sampling of bacterial diversity. Most bacteria do not cause disease.
Epithelial injury and repair in airway disease