Which of the following cannot be obtained from observational studies?
a. Definitive evidence of a causal connection.
b. A reasonable explanation for a causal connection.
c. Any evidence of a causal connection.
d. Definitive evidence of a correlation.
Question 2
Suppose you heard on the radio that women who overuse antibiotics have a higher chance of developing breast cancer. You look into the literature on this, and find ten observational studies done by different researchers under different conditions, all of which confirm the results that you heard on the radio. What do you conclude?
a. The evidence for a causal connection between overuse of antibiotics and increased risk of breast cancer is strengthened by these varying studies.
b. These studies have too many different confounding variables that together weaken the evidence for a causal connection.
c. Since the studies were all done under different conditions, there is not enough information to make a conclusion.
d. None of the above.
Long-term studies of the Glanville fritillary butterfly, Melitaea cinxia, have provided exceptional
The evidence of metabolites from gut microbiota.
Advantages of Observational Method
Evidence of early bipedalism
Selected Broad Sense Heritability (H2) Values from Human Twin Studies
Visible evidence of mosaic tissues in a human female