When research participants receive different types of information that might affect their behavior on the dependent variable, we know that the independent variable is
a. a situational variable.
b. a participant variable.
c. a task variable.
d. an instructional variable.
Question 2
When an independent variable involves pre-existing characteristics of the participant like age or political affiliation, the independent variable is a
a. a task variable.
b. a subject variable.
c. an instructional variable.
d. a manipulated variable.
Four types of cellular responses to positional information in animals.
Defensive mutualism involves species that receive food or shelter in return for providing protection
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