Answer to Question 1
It is the idea that life is so complex that it could only have been created by a higher intelligence.
Answer to Question 2
Most people reflect on their ancestry to find roots or to self-identify themselves. For an individual who perceives himself or herself to be an American Indian, the process is defined by legalistic language. Recognized tribes establish a standard of ancestry, or what some tribes call blood quantum, to determine who is a tribal member or enrolled, as on the tribal rolls. Understandably, there is some ambivalence about this procedure because it applies some racial purity measures. Still, tribes see it as an important way to guard against potential wannabes.
This process may lead some individuals or entire extended families to be disenrolled. For these people, who perceive themselves as worthy of recognition by a tribe but are denied this coveted enrollment status, disputes have resulted that are rarely resolved satisfactorily for all parties. This has occurred for generations but has become more contentious recently for tribes that profit from casino gambling and must determine who is entitled to share in any profits that could be distributed to those on tribal rolls.
Synaptic response of photoreceptors to dark and light.
Sexual Response Cycles
Dynamic Response of Thermometers Experiment
The two-system view of the stress response.
J or U dose-response curve
The Body's Response to Blood Loss