Answer to Question 1
One of the first cases to highlight this issue was Inmates of the Boys' Training School v. Affleck in 1972 .
In its decision, a federal court argued that rehabilitation is the true purpose of the juvenile court and that without that goal, due process guarantees are violated. It condemned such devices as solitary confinement, strip cells, and lack of educational opportunities, and held that juveniles have a statutory right to treatment.
The court also established the following minimum standards for all juveniles confined in training schools:
A room equipped with lighting sufficient for an inmate to read until 10:00 P.M.
Sufficient clothing to meet seasonal needs
Bedding, including blankets, sheets, pillows, pillowcases, and mattresses, to be changed once a week
Personal hygiene supplies, including soap, toothpaste, towels, toilet paper, and toothbrush
A change of undergarments and socks every day
Minimum writing materials: pen, pencil, paper, and envelopes
Prescription eyeglasses, if needed
Equal access to all books, periodicals, and other reading materials located in the training school
Daily showers
Daily access to medical facilities, including provision of a 24-hour nursing service
General correspondence privileges
Student views will vary.
Answer to Question 2
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Aerial view of a blue whale showing both pectoral fins
A Midsagittal View of Part of the Brain
A plastic MAP sensor used for training purposes showing the electronic circuit board and electrical ...
A cross-sectional view of a typical zirconia oxygen sensor.
An exploded view of a gerotor electric fuel pump.
Anterior and posterior view of the phalanges