Johnny sneaky runs out of the house when he is confronted by the ...

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Johnny sneaky runs out of the house when he is confronted by the home owner and while he is running down the street a police officer confronts him and orders him to stop. Johnny stops, shows no weapons or other items of dangerous threats, but does not comply with the officer's orders and is refusing to be arrested. The police officer may use what type of force to execute this arrest?
 
  a. Deadly force
  b. Deadly but not deadly force
  c. No force at all
  d. Non-deadly force

Question 2

Probation was first developed in the United States by which boot maker?
 
  a. Caesare Lombroso
  b. Jeremy Bentham
  c. James Q. Wilson
  d. Travis Hirchi
  e. John Augustus

[ebe]

Answer to Question 1

d

Answer to Question 2

e