Answer to Question 1
The catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)often called the fight-or-flight hormonesstimulate heart muscle, raise blood pressure, and increase metabolic rate. Epinephrine also promotes glucagon secretion from the pancreas, prompting the release of nutrients from storage. The steroid hormone cortisol enhances muscle protein degradation, raising amino acid levels in the blood and making amino acids available for conversion to glucose. All of these hormones have similar effects on glucose and fat metabolism, causing the breakdown of glycogen, the production of glucose from amino acids, and the breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue. Thus, the combined effects of these hormones contribute to hyperglycemia, which often accompanies critical illness. Two other hormones induced by stress, aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone, help to maintain blood volume by stimulating the kidneys to reabsorb more sodium and water, respectively
Answer to Question 2
T
Four types of cellular responses to positional information in animals.
Human body: levels of organization.
Summary of Nonspecific Body Defenses
The two-system view of the stress response.
Both men and women can experience issues with body image
Disorders and conditions that can be caused or aggravated by stress