Answer to Question 1
In kwashiorkor, some muscle wasting may occur, but it may not be apparent because the child's face, limbs, and abdomen become swollen with edemaa distinguishing feature of kwashiorkor. Infections with parasites commonly further expand the enlarged abdomen. Other effects of too little dietary protein include loss of hair color.
In marasmus, muscles, including the heart muscle, waste and weaken. Because the brain normally grows to almost its full adult size within the first 2 years of life, marasmus impairs brain development and learning ability. Reduced synthesis of key hormones leads to a metabolism so slow that body temperature drops below normal. There is little or no fat under the skin to insulate against cold.
Answer to Question 2
a