Answer to Question 1
Pregnant women may need increased amounts of vitamin B12, iron, and folate to support increased red blood cell development that is needed during pregnancy.
Some people do not produce enough of intrinsic factor, needed for adequate absorption of vitamin B12, in their stomach. These individuals cannot absorb enough vitamin B12, even when they eat plenty of food sources. They often need injections of vitamin B12 to avoid a deficiency, which can result in nerve damage and anemia.
People who are chronically dieting, such as people with anorexia or bulimia nervosa, would need supplements to ensure that they are getting enough vitamins and minerals.
People who are lactose intolerant may need a vitamin D and calcium supplement if they do not eat a varied diet rich in other sources of vitamin D.
People who are recovering from illness or surgery have increased demands for nutrients in order to repair or rebuild body tissues and essential molecules to restore health. People who have had weight-loss surgery often need supplements long term to obtain adequate amounts of nutrients.
Answer to Question 2
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An example of Secondary Succession by stages
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