Answer to Question 1
Answers may vary. Hormonal changes are believed to be the underlying cause of several common physical complaints associated with pregnancy. Morning sickness, fatigue, heartburn, constipation, and food cravings and aversions are often associated with pregnancy-related hormonal changes. Many of these discomforts occur during the early stages of pregnancy, whereas others may persist throughout. In most cases, these discomforts are not serious and can typically be managed with simple diet-related strategies. For example, some women who experience morning sickness, a condition characterized by queasiness, nausea, and vomiting, can find relief by avoiding foods with offensive odors.
Answer to Question 2
Age-Related changes in the GI tract affect nutritional status, especially in older adults. Aging muscles become less responsive to neural signals, which can impact digestive functions such as swallowing and peristalsis. In fact, difficulty swallowing is a common cause of choking in the elderly. The threat or experience of this frightening and life-threatening event can compel older adults to avoid eating certain foods altogether. Preparing foods so that they are moist and soft can help prevent choking. Decreased GI motility can also lead to constipation. Fecal material that remains in the colon for a prolonged period can become hard and compacted, making it difficult to eliminate. Drinking adequate amounts of fluids and eating fiber-rich foods can improve GI function and help prevent this problem. With increased age comes a decline in the number of stomach cells that produce gastric juice. This can reduce the bioavailability of nutrients such as calcium, iron, biotin, folate, vitamin B12, and zinc.
(A) Common sites for cholelithiasis; (B) a gallbladder specimen with multiple gallstones.
Common Speedwell
The nucleotide cyclic AMP (cAMP), a common messenger molecule.
Selected Topical Corticosteroids for Dermatitis and Related Symptoms
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Excessive video gaming decrease social and physical development in a child