Answer to Question 1
The initial step is consumption of a food allergen that is perceived as a foreign invader. The allergen sensitizes a person's immune system by causing the creation of antibodies that attach to the mast cells. A future consumption of the allergen brings the allergen in contact with the mast cells, causing the release of histamine, which causes inflammation and leads to an allergic reaction.
Answer to Question 2
The growing baby exerts pressure on the mother's intestines and stomach, leading to heartburn. Also, hormonal changes may slow the passage of food and increase the likelihood for heartburn. Symptoms may be reduced by avoiding spicy food, remaining upright after eating, eating smaller meals, increasing fluid intake, exercise, and increasing intake of fiber-rich foods. Constipation is also common near the end of pregnancy due to the slower movement of food through the GI tract and a tendency for less physical activity. Eating more fiber-rich foods, along with drinking plenty of liquids, can help prevent the problem.
A detailed look at the steps of the citric acid cycle
Tornado Formation: Nonsupercell Tornado Development
Food, friends, and football . . . a way of life
Food Sources of Carbohydrates You need to eat at least 130 grams of carbohydrates daily
Food Sources of Fiber Adults need to consume about 21 to 38 grams of fiber daily
Proposed steps in the evolution of jaws