Answer to Question 1
Severely malnourished patients who are aggressively fed may develop refeeding syndrome, characterized by fluid and electrolyte imbalances and hyperglycemia. These effects occur because dextrose infusions raise levels of circulating insulin, which promotes anabolic processes that quickly remove phosphate, potassium, and magnesium from the blood. The altered electrolyte levels can lead to fluid retention and life-threatening changes in various organ systems. Heart failure and respiratory failure are possible consequences. Refeeding syndrome generally develops within 2 weeks of beginning parenteral infusions. The patients at highest risk are those who have experienced chronic malnutrition or substantial weight loss. Symptoms include edema, cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness, and fatigue. To prevent refeeding syndrome, health practitioners may provide only half of the patient's energy requirement when they initiate nutrition support and gradually advance the dose over several days while monitoring (and possibly correcting) electrolyte levels.
Answer to Question 2
A
Mutualisms, such as those that occur among plants and pollinators, generally involve large numbers o
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