Answer to Question 1
Most enteral formulas are categorized according to their macronutrient sources. Standard formulas, also called polymeric formulas, are provided to individuals who can digest and absorb nutrients without difficulty. They contain intact proteins extracted from milk or soybeans or a combination of such proteins. Carbohydrate sources include hydrolyzed cornstarch, glucose polymers, and sugars. A few formulas, called blenderized formulas, are produced from whole foods such as chicken, vegetables, fruit, and oil, along with some added vitamins and minerals. Elemental formulas, also called hydrolyzed, chemically defined, or monomeric formulas, are prescribed for patients who have compromised digestive or absorptive functions. Elemental formulas contain proteins and carbohydrates that have been partially or fully broken down to fragments that require little (if any) digestion. The formulas are often low in fat and provide fat from medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) to ease digestion and absorption. Specialized formulas, also called disease-specific or specialty formulas, are intended to meet the nutrient needs of patients with particular illnesses. Products have been developed for individuals with liver, kidney, and lung diseases; glucose intolerance; severe wounds; and metabolic stress. Specialized formulas are generally expensive, and their effectiveness is controversial.
Answer to Question 2
B
Standard Laboratory Lipid Profiles
Cumulative Standard Normal Distribution
Standard reduction potentials of the major respiratory electron carriers
Some Standard Shapes of Greek Vessels
The Plunger and Barrel of a Standard Syringe
Specialized Workers: Soldier Termite