Answer to Question 1
a. Oral preparation
Food is manipulated in the mouth and masticated if necessary, reducing it to a consistency ready for bolus formation and swallowing
b. Oral transit
Tongue propels food posteriorly until the pharyngeal swallow is triggered
c. Pharyngeal
Pharyngeal swallow is triggered; the bolus is moved through the pharynx; and the cricopharyngeal sphincter (upper esophageal sphincter) opens to allow the bolus to enter the esophagus
d. Esophageal
Esophageal peristalsis carries the bolus through the cervical and thoracic esophagus and into the stomach
Answer to Question 2
Dysphagia is difficulty swallowing and is a common problem in neurogenic disease.
The primary nutrition implications are inadequate oral intake and risk of aspiration/choking.
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