Answer to Question 1The tides have a significant influence on coastal marine life. Within the intertidal zone itself,
organisms are exposed to varying amounts of emergence and submergence. Because some
organisms can tolerate many hours of exposure and others are able to tolerate only a very few
hours per week or month, the animals and plants sort themselves into three or more
horizontal bands, or subzones, within the intertidal zone. Each distinct zone is an aggregation
of animals and plants best adapted to the conditions within that particular narrow habitat.
Examples of animals who live in this area include: the tiny diatom (one-celled alga)
Hantzschia migrates upward through wet sand to photosynthesize at the sunlit surface at low
tide. At the first hint of the returning tide, these plantlike organisms descend to a relatively
safe depth in the sand, where they are protected from wave action. Fiddler crabs return to
their burrows at high tide to avoid marine predators but emerge at low tide to look for any
bits of food. Filter-feeding animals such as sand crabs and bean clams migrate up and down
the beach to stay in the surf zone where the chaos can provide both food and protection.
Answer to Question 2The equilibrium theory of tides explains many characteristics of ocean tides by examining the
balance and effects of the forces that allow a planet to stay in a stable orbit around the sun, or
the moon to orbit Earth. The equilibrium theory assumes that the seafloor does not influence
the tides and that the ocean conforms instantly to the forces that affect the position of its surface; the ocean surface is presumed always to be in equilibrium (balance) with the forces
acting on it.
A marine food web in action: feeding baleen whales and birds.
Some organisms used as models in genetic research
Bioluminescent Organisms
Field research on free-living primates allows primatologists to study patterns of behavior in the se
Marine pollution threatens resources and marine life
Deep Pelagic Zone: Giant siphonophore