Answer to Question 1
External memory aids rely on environmental resources. These are things such as notebooks, diaries, calendars, computers, and smartphones. These support memory in everyday situations, such as taking notes on a computer while listening to a lecture. In general, external and explicit interventions, such as smartphones, are the most frequently used. This may be because they are easy to use, widely available, and work well with adults affected by a variety of mental and physical disorders. Many apps on smartphones relieve memory burden (maps, calendars). These explicit and external interventions have potential value for improving older adults' cognitive performance in real-world settings.
Answer to Question 2
There is a stereotype that aging negatively affects memory. When confronted, or threatened, by this stereotype, older adults do not perform as well on memory tests. It appears that negative or threatening stereotypes suppress older adults' controlled or conscious use of memory, and they are more likely to use an automatic response instead.
Examples of animals with external gills.
External Obliques
Varieties of Long-Term Memory
Use an Automated External Defibrillator
Packaged Foods Can Also Provide Carbohydrates
Effects of Retrieval Practice on Predicted and Actual Memory Performance