Answer to Question 1
1 . Command and control system is the mechanism in a terrorist movement that plans, staffs, trains, coordinates, and executes the attacks. It is referred to as C or C2 . The sophistication level is based on the stage of development and the size of the terrorist organization. Intelligence gathering can be used to reduce the effectiveness and reduce attacks, but answers can vary. 2 . Acquiring weapons and spare parts for weapons is essential and an organization's supply is usually a mixture of those supplied by individual or state sponsors, purchased on the black market, or captured . The arms inventory is a crude indicator of their size, intentions, and capabilities. Protection of military caches of arms as a means of preventing them from being captured is one answer that could be provided as a counterterrorism action.3 . Operational space is a physical safe haven where attacks can be planned, trained for, and rehearsed with a measure of security. There are land safe havens, urban safe havens, maritime safe havens, and virtual safe havens. Destruction of safe havens or sanctions against governments who allow safe havens is a counterterrorism action for this operational tool. 4 . Training recruits begins with an initial phase of indoctrination, physical conditions, small arms familiarization, marksmanship, and basic martial arts. It can include more advanced topics like building and planting bombs, hostage taking, and assaulting military convoys. Shutting down training websites is a response to reduce terrorist training. 5 . Intelligence and counterintelligence is an essential operational tool only if the data is processed, integrated, analyzed, evaluated, and interpreted on a specific subject and delivered with conclusions. Counterintelligence is the means to disrupt the intelligence of terrorist groups. 6 . Finance is vital to a terrorist organization's success and longevity. Due to stricter banking regulations, terrorist organizations have taken to profiting from the drug trade, committing crimes like kidnapping, setting up fake charities, and use of hawala . Continued increase of banking regulations and tracing and interrupting the use of hawala is one means of reducing a terrorist's ability to gain finances. Answers will vary in regard to counterterrorism actions that could be done to reduce the various organizational tools.
Answer to Question 2
The Edward Snowden leaks exposed the previously unknown techniques and tools that the NSA uses to spy on domestic cell phone, Internet, social network, and smartphone use, as well as those used to spy on foreign diplomats. The massive leak, enabled by Snowden's access to NSA files via his job as a contractor with the agency, made obvious that the intrusion of the intelligence community into everyday domestic communications is far broader than the average American ever thought. Although Snowden claimed that he carefully evaluated everything he released so as to not harm people and only provide transparency about the U.S. government, he has done damage and changed the perception of domestic intelligence. Opinion as to whether or not he is a whistleblower or a traitor will vary, but should be supported by valid points.
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