Answer to Question 1
Answer: Pain signals are transmitted to the spinal cord and from there to the thalamus and to various cortical regions (anterior cingulate, primary and secondary somatosensory cortex). Pain reactivity can be diminished by interrupting the ascending pain pathways, by reducing the activity of the anterior cingulate cortex (reduced aversiveness), or by activating a descending neural circuit from the PAG to the spinal cord.
Answer to Question 2
Answer: Taste receptors code for five qualities (sweetness, bitterness, sourness, saltiness, and umami). Each receptor type involves a different transduction process. Hydrogen ions generate a sour taste, which controls a potassium channel. Bitter and sweet tastes are coded for by receptors containing gustducin and that reduce cyclic AMP. Sweet receptors also are coded by gustducin receptors but increase cyclic AMP. The umami signal involves a specific glutamate receptor (mGluR4). The pleasant taste of fat seems linked to receptors that detect free fatty acids in foods.
The synthesis of O2, ATP, and NADPH by the concerted actions of photosystems II and I
The actions of Frzb and the Frizzled receptor protein show how embryonic development represents a ba
Activation of the Primary Gustatory Cortex by Taste Stimuli
These examples of stimuli were used in the experiment by Vinckier et al. (2007). Mouton is the Frenc
The antagonistic actions of insulin and
Basic sliding effleurage to the lower leg. Apply from heel of foot to knee. Conform hands to contour ...