After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
Scientists were interested in studying differences in the frequency of foraging behaviors demonstrated in two species of flycatchers (birds) in California. They were specifically interested in determining if the overall distribution of foraging behaviors was associated with the stage of the breeding cycle of the two species. Here are some of the data collected:
The number of foraging behaviors observed by stage of the breeding cycle for Hammond's and Western flycatchers in northwestern California
| | | Stage of Breeding Cycle |
| Bird Species | Foraging Behavior | Pre-incubation | Incubation | Brooding | Post-Brooding |
| Hammond's Flycatcher | Flycatch | 10 | 45 | 47 | 20 |
| | Hover-glean | 32 | 93 | 90 | 87 |
| | Glean | 0 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
| Western Flycatcher | Flycatch | 17 | 38 | 80 | 53 |
| | Hover-glean | 121 | 213 | 210 | 234 |
| | Glean | 4 | 4 | 1 | 4 |
Source: Noon, B. R., and Sakai, H. F. (1990). Variation in the foraging behaviors of two flycatchers: associations with stage of the breeding cycle.
Studies in Avian Biology, 13: 237-44.
Suppose that Hammond's flycatchers tend to forage as individuals while Western flycatchers tend to forage in groups. Which prediction is most reasonably related to foraging costs?
◦ Western flycatchers would be more likely to show decreased foraging efficiency.
◦ Hammond's flycatchers would be more likely to show increased foraging efficiency.
◦ Hammond's flycatchers would be more likely to show decreased foraging efficiency.
◦ Western and Hammond's flycatchers would show equivalent foraging efficiency.
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