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As the western states of America were settled, pioneers often had to drink rancid water from ponds and other sources. This often resulted in chronic diarrhea, causing many cases of dehydration and death that could have been avoided if clean water had been available.
Vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate) should be taken before any drug administration. Patients should be informed not to use tobacco or caffeine at least 30 minutes before their appointment.
The most common treatment options for addiction include psychotherapy, support groups, and individual counseling.
Most childhood vaccines are 90–99% effective in preventing disease. Side effects are rarely serious.
Bacteria have been found alive in a lake buried one half mile under ice in Antarctica.