Describe how both positive reinforcement and negative ...

[karen]

Describe how both positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement contribute to the development of addiction on opioid drugs.
 
  What will be an ideal response?

Question 2

Describe the most typical pattern of opioid addiction in the early 1900s, in the middle to late 1900s, and in recent times.
 
  What will be an ideal response?

[flexer1n1]

Answer to Question 1

Each injection appears to act as a positive reinforcer, similar to giving a piece of food to a hungry animal. Withdrawal symptoms are aversive, so once physical dependence has developed, each injection removes that aversive stimulus, which is an example of negative reinforcement.

Answer to Question 2

Early 1900s, high proportion of the population, including many middle-class women who used patent medicines. Middle to late 1900s, small proportion of the population, heroin injectors with a higher frequency in some inner-city areas, association with crime to obtain funds to purchase the drug. Recently: abuse of prescription opioids by otherwise law-abiding citizens, often with sufficient funds to purchase the drugs on the Internet or by getting multiple prescriptions.