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Bacteria have flourished on the earth for over three billion years. They were the first life forms on the planet.
Cocaine was isolated in 1860 and first used as a local anesthetic in 1884. Its first clinical use was by Sigmund Freud to wean a patient from morphine addiction. The fictional character Sherlock Holmes was supposed to be addicted to cocaine by injection.
Amphetamine poisoning can cause intravascular coagulation, circulatory collapse, rhabdomyolysis, ischemic colitis, acute psychosis, hyperthermia, respiratory distress syndrome, and pericarditis.
Throughout history, plants containing cardiac steroids have been used as heart drugs and as poisons (e.g., in arrows used in combat), emetics, and diuretics.
The average older adult in the United States takes five prescription drugs per day. Half of these drugs contain a sedative. Alcohol should therefore be avoided by most senior citizens because of the dangerous interactions between alcohol and sedatives.
![Parenteral medication administration. The angle of needle insertion for four different types of pare](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_14755_27_08_12_12_14_18_81782062.jpeg)
![Lymphatic vessels (green) pick up excess tissue fluid, purify it in lymph nodes, and return it to th](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_14755_10_09_12_7_17_45_85032206.jpeg)