Question 1
Draw three graphs showing how the following change during normal inspiration and expiration:
A. alveolar pressure
B. intrapleural pressure
C. volume of air moved
Question 2
A. Omar is snorkeling (surface swimming with a tube in his mouth to maintain breathing while his face is in the water). The snorkel tube is 40 cm in length and 1.2 cm in radius. How does this affect Omar's breathing? Calculate the increase in relative resistance contributed by the snorkel tube.
B. What is dead space and how does that affect snorkeling? Explain your answer, assuming the snorkel tube is a round cylinder and cylinder volume is pr
2L. How does the snorkel tube affect alveolar ventilation (assume a ventilation rate of 12 breaths/min, tidal volume of 500 mL, and normal dead space volume of 150 mL)? If normal alveolar ventilation is 4200 mL/min, how must Omar breathe during snorkeling compared to normal?
C. Omar loves snorkeling, but wishes he could go a little deeper. He decides to create a longer snorkel tube to try to achieve this desire. He isn't sure how radius figures in, so he makes two tubes of 60 cm length, one with a 1.2 cm radius and the other with a 2 cm radius. What are the relative resistances of these two new tubes? Do you think he will be able to snorkel well with either of these tubes? Explain.
Adaptations for swimming.
Emphysema. (a) Illustration comparing normal lungs and emphysemic lungs. The inserts illustrate how
Pulmonary function test: spirometry. (a) Normal respiratory volumes, as measured during spirometry.
Surface Tension
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