Create a flow chart illustrating the development of bipotential reproductive structures in an XY individual and an XX individual, indicating the stimuli for development or regression of the structures. Add to this chart the changes that occur at puberty and their stimuli. Finally, show the points on the chart at which abnormalities associated with the following conditions occur:
A. testicular feminization or androgen insensitivity (XY genotype, permanent female external morphology with internal testes and androgen production but faulty androgen receptors);
B. male pseudohermaphrodites (XY genotype and external female morphology with internal testes, and masculinization occurring at puberty);
C. congenital adrenal hyperplasia (XX genotype with normal female internal organs, masculinized external organs observed at birth);
D. sexual development is similar in nonhuman mammals, but there are some interesting pathologies not seen in humans. A freemartin occurs in cattle twins, with one male and one female. The male is normal but the XX female is sterile, born masculinized, and has testicular tissue. Explain the most likely cause of this masculinized phenotype, and indicate on your chart the point or points at which something abnormal occurred.
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