Answer to Question 1
DSM-5 bases its diagnostic categories on the assumption that psychological problems reside within individuals. However, some psychologists question this assumption. They view human beings as relational beings and see human problems as existing in relation to something or someone else. Various individuals and groups have proposed systems for making relational or interpersonal diagnoses. Some relational classifications focus on categories, like partner relational problem. Other classifications are more theoretical. Psychologist Timothy Leary proposed the still influential interpersonal circumplex, which grouped personality types around the two dimensions of power and love. Still other systems are based on interaction patterns, on patterns like demand-withdraw, or patterns of blaming a family scapegoat. These are patterns that unite dysfunctional family members together. Unfortunately, the appeal of any current system for classifying troubled relationships is pretty much limited to intuition. No system for classifying relationships is well-supported empirically, and the more interesting systems require us to somehow discern causality in relationships.
Answer to Question 2
Answer: gene-environment
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