Which scenario is the best example of self-handicapping?
a. Roy is a cigarette smoker. He does not like to hear about the health risks of smoking. He therefore ignores such information, or dismisses it as invalid, and continues to smoke.
b. Neither Yuki nor her friends ever study very much for school. Since Yuki does not know anyone who studies very hard, she assumes that in fact no one ever studies hard. As a consequence, she continues to have terrible study habits.
c. Jacques has a big wrestling match coming up, but he fears that he will lose. The week before the match, he claims that he is really busy with other studies, and does not practice at all. Even though he may not realize he is doing this, he is setting himself up so that he will have an excuse in case he loses the match.
d. Sometimes, when Olivia has a long day, she yells at her children when she gets home. She usually feels very bad about this right after doing it. But then she realizes that she can justify her behavior (I am the parent here, she thinks, and I have the right to discipline my children.) In other words, she is able to rationalize, or excuse, a not-so-good behavior.
Question 2
According to the text, public health messages that are fear-based (e.g., messages about the dangers of smoking) are not always effective. They most often backfire because ____.
a. they tend to be too scary, causing people to become defensive
b. people don't believe in the media anymore
c. people don't like to be put in a bad mood
d. most people are already well-educated about important public health issues
Components of a MiniCiggy e-cigarette
Lung cancer. Photograph of part of a lung removed after death. The yellow area is a large tumor and
A possible “RNA world” scenario
Smoker's Lungs
Electronic Cigarette
An older woman with wrinkled skin, gray hair, and darker teeth, smokes a cigarette.