Answer to Question 1
Piaget's account of formal operations has received quite a lot of support. There appears to be little question that unique changes do occur in the nature of reasoning between preadolescence and adolescence itself. Research strongly supports Piaget's belief that the capacity to reason deductively does not emerge until adolescence. However, not all people achieve formal-operational thinking or they may come to it much later than adolescence. Research findings suggest that formal operational thought is found among only 40 to 60 percent of first-year college students. In addition, some people may perform well on some formal-operational tasks and not on others.
Answer to Question 2
D
