Answer to Question 1
(a) Cross-cultural research suggests that parents who advocate and model cooperation and sharing produce less aggressive children, whereas parents who advocate self-interest and behaviors such as stealing and deceiving tend to foster aggressive children. (b) Parents who are cold and rejecting and who use erratic physical punishment tend to have more aggressive children than parents who do not. (c) Aggression in children is more likely if parents encourage the expression of aggressive impulses. (d) Parents who rely on physical punishment, erratic or otherwise, tend to model aggression. (e) Lack of parental monitoring, as well as a lack of concern for the whereabouts of the child, is correlated with aggression and other deviant behavior in adolescents. (f) Parents may also contribute to a coercive home environment, in which aggressive behavior (or the threat of same) characterizes many family interactions. Additional parental factors, in coercive home environments as well as others, include (g) giving in to the child's coercive behavior, (h) escalation of aggression in response to the child's aggressive behavior, and (i) failure to respond or attend to the child except when the child is being aggressive. (j) Environments with very limited space or shortages in play materials can contribute to conflicts and aggression. (k) Toys that suggest aggressive themes can also provoke aggression.
Answer to Question 2
C
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