Answer to Question 1
a
Answer to Question 2
Cultural sociologists assert the importance of perceptions, ideas, emotions, and grievances, all of which resource mobilization and political process theorists think did not matter very much or could simply be taken for granted. Perceptions, however, are examined closely now in the context of broader social and political changes, not in isolation from them. It is not as though people first develop goals and then decide to go out and form movements to pursue them; there is an interaction among ideas, mobilization, and the broader environment. Some people get pulled into movements by friends or family and are only slowly converted to the movement's cause; their political beliefs are a consequence, not a cause, of joining the movement. Research suggests, for example, that over 40 percent of committed antiabortion activists had ambiguous views about abortion or even considered themselves pro-choice when they initially joined the movement; it was only after they spent some time in the movement, interacting with long-term activists, that they came to emphatically oppose abortions.
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