Answer to Question 1
ANS: A
During pressure-targeted (pressure-controlled) ventilation, pressure is unaffected by changes in lung characteristics. However, an increase in airway resistance will cause less volume to be deliv-ered and will change the flow waveform. The set pressure will not be able to overcome the in-creased resistance, resulting in less volume delivery and a decrease in flow (V/TI).
Answer to Question 2
ANS: B
The transrespiratory pressure (PTR) is the pressure generated by either the patient contracting the respiratory muscles or by the ventilator pushing the volume into the patient. This pressure is op-posed by the elastic recoil pressure (PE) and the flow resistance pressure (PR). The transairway pressure (PTA) is the pressure gradient between the airway opening and the alveolus. This pro-duces airway movement in the conductive airways. It represents only part of the equation of mo-tion, the pressure needed to overcome the airway resistance. The equation of motion may be rep-resented, on one side, by Pvent + muscle pressure (Pmus). However, this is equal to the elastic recoil pressure (V/C) plus the flow resistance pressure (Raw ) or Pvent + Pmus = V/C + (Raw ).
Process Flow Diagram of a Dual-Stage Pressure System
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