Answer to Question 1
They first appear as small hairless areas on the surface of the skin and may be mistaken for an insect bite. In later stages, they may be swollen, black, and crusty in appearance.
Answer to Question 2
The esophageal stethoscope is made by removing the bell and attaching a red rubber catheter in its place. The benefit is that, once it is placed correctly (behind the endotracheal tube), the heart rate may be monitored without disruption to the surgical field.
