Answer to Question 1
Trauma is psychological stress. It typically results from exposure to a disaster or emergency that is so shocking it impairs a person's sense of security or well-being. Trauma left untreated can manifest itself as post-traumatic stress disorder.
Answer to Question 2
Most of these risk reduction strategies grow out of the philosophy of Crime Reduction Through Environmental Design, or CRTED. CRTED has the following four major elements, to which the author has added a fifth (administrative controls).
Natural surveillance
Control of access
Establishment of territoriality
Activity support
Administrative controls
Steps in the humoral and cell-mediated immune response
Spatial and Response Strategies
Cell-mediated immunity, primary and secondary response.
White Blood Cells Involved in Immune Response
Drug tolerance: A shift in the dose-response curve to the right as a result of exposure to the drug.
“Fight or Flight” Response