Answer to Question 1
Human milk is ideal to support optimal growth and development during infancy and early childhood. Evidence shows that early feeding experiences may influence later stages of life. Human milk provides immunologic protection against pathogenic viruses and bacteria. Breastfed babies get less sick than formula-fed babies.
Answer to Question 2
Increased energy needs to support growth of the fetus, placenta, and maternal tissue: 348 kcal/day during the second trimester and 452 kcal/day during the third trimester. Carbohydrates need to remain the major energy source with a minimum of 175 g of CHO per day (additional 2-3 servings of carbohydrates per day). Protein needs are increased by 25 grams per day for the formation of fetal and maternal tissues. Dietary fat should provide 20 to 35 of kcalories with particular attention to ensuring adequacy of essential fatty acids, DHA (required for brain development and formation of retinas in fetus), and EPA (fetal growth and development). Additional calcium is needed for growth and development, but if it is not provided in the diet, the mother's stores can provide it. Increased iron is needed for forming hemoglobin and promoting growth and development of the fetus and placenta. Increased folate is needed for cell division and critical for development of the nervous system of the fetus.
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