How many clinical stages are used to categorize HIV infection, ...

[penguins]

How many clinical stages are used to categorize HIV infection, according to the WHO?
 a. 2
  b. 3
  c. 4
  d. 5
  e. 6

Question 2

Describe the process of each of the four types of bariatric surgery and list an advantage and disadvantage of each.

[s.meritte]

Answer to Question 1

c

Answer to Question 2

In laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB), an inflatable silicone ring is secured around the upper part of the stomach to create a small pouch with a narrow opening at the bottom. The pouch restricts the amount of food that can be consumed at one time. LAGB is the simplest and least invasive because it does not require any stapling of the stomach, but those receiving LAGB lose weight at a slower rate. In laparoscopic vertical sleeve gastrectomy, (LVSG), up to 85 of the stomach is surgically removed, leaving a narrow, tubular, banana-shaped portion of the stomach between the esophagus and the duodenum. Because the detached section of the stomach is primarily responsible for the production of the hormone ghrelin, weight loss is further enhanced by the markedly lower serum levels of ghrelin seen in patients who have had LVSG. The Roux-en-Y procedure creates a small pouch at the top of the stomach, restricting food intake and quickly inducing satiety. The jejunum is cut and the distal end (roux limb) is surgically connected to the pouch. The Roux-en-Y is the most common bariatric surgery and is highly effective and long lasting. The duodenal switch with biliopancreatic diversion (DS-BPD) is the most complicated and the least frequently performed, but also results in the greatest amount of weight loss. The first part of the procedure is a laparoscopically performed vertical sleeve gastrectomy; the second stage reroutes food from the stomach past most of the small intestine.