Answer to Question 1
a . Dietary measures: diet history, including food habits, attitudes, and folklore; allergies; use of vitamin and mineral supplements; and lifestyles (e.g., substance use or existence of pica).
b. Clinical measures: obstetric history, including outcome of previous pregnancies, interval between pregnancies, and history of problems during the course of previous pregnancies (e.g., PIH, gestational diabetes, iron-deficiency anemia, or pattern of inadequate or excessive weight gain).
c. Anthropometric measures: measurement of weight-for-height or body mass index (BMI).Laboratory values: screening for anemia by hematocrit and/or hemoglobin and a urine analysis for ketones, glucose, and protein spillage.
Answer to Question 2
a