Answer to Question 1
Emotion reactivity refers to individual differences in the threshold and intensity of emotional experience, which provide clues to an individual's level of distress and sensitivity to the environment. Emotion regulation, on the other hand, involves enhancing, maintaining, or inhibiting emotional arousal, which is usually done for a specific purpose or goal.
Answer to Question 2
Accordingly, attachment serves an important stress-reduction function. The infant is motivated to maintain a balance between the desire to preserve the familiar and the desire to seek and explore new information. Self-reliance develops when the attachment figure provides a secure base for exploration (Bretherton & Munholland, 2008). Moreover, a child's internal working model of relationshipswhat he or she expects from others and how he or she relates to othersemerges from this first crucial relationship and is carried forward into later relationships.
East–West Differences in Interpreting Emotion
Regulation of cortisol release.
Neurotransmitter regulation and dysregulation effects.
Selected Hormones and Their Regulation
Regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase 1 (PP1) in liver
An overview of gene regulation mechanisms in eukaryotes