Answer to Question 1
Parents can influence their children's drinking behaviors in many ways. They can serve as models for using drugs to cope with stressful circumstances. They may also help promote attitudes and expectations regarding the benefits of drug consumption, or they may simply provide access to licit or illicit drugs. Adolescents with alcoholic parents are more likely to drink alcohol than those whose parents do not abuse alcohol. This increased risk seems to be due to several factors, including the fact that alcoholic parents monitor their children's behavior less closely, thereby providing more opportunities for illicit drinking. Parental monitoring and discipline have an important impact on adolescent substance use; higher parental monitoring is associated with reduced risk of tobacco and alcohol use.
Answer to Question 2
People with substance use disorders often exhibit other forms of mental disorder as well. Most prominent among these are antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), mood disorders, and anxiety disorders. Conduct disorder is strongly related to concurrent alcohol use in adolescence and the subsequent development of alcohol dependence. ASPD and alcohol/drug dependence frequently co-occur, and there is evidence to suggest that they represent alternative manifestations of a general predisposition toward behavioral disinhibition.
Two equivalent ways of drawing a phylogeny
Dopamine Transporters, Methamphetamine Abuse, and Parkinson’s Disease
Substance Abuse : Biological, Psychological and Sociocultural Levels
Different ways to test hypotheses
Parent restraint of a young child during examination of the ear
Emotions can influence weight