Answer to Question 1
Physical activity seems to be especially effective in reducing the more dangerous type of fat known as visceral fat, the internal fat that pads the liver and abdominal organs. Excess visceral fat as measured through use of imaging techniques is an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality. It is also a stronger risk factor for heart attacks (as indicated by waist size) than body mass index. In addition, it is linked to colorectal cancer, breast cancer, metabolic syndrome, and an increased circulation of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-a and IL-6.
Answer to Question 2
There is compelling evidence that engaging in weight-bearing exercise (muscles work against the full effect of gravity) such as walking, running, and resistance training benefits bone health, but only limited research on how this form of exercise can reduce the actual incidence of osteoporosis. Evidence for the bone health benefits of weight-bearing exercise includes documentation of an inverse relationship between physical activity and the incidence of bone fractures in post-menopausal women and in other populations including men. One of the few studies that examined the effect of exercise on incidence of osteoporosis found a dose-response relationship for women age 20 or older.
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