Answer to Question 1
Over time, chronic alcohol consumption can activate a group of liver enzymes that assist in alcohol metabolism, reducing the amount of time a person remains intoxicated. This is why some chronic drinkers develop a tolerance to alcohol, reducing its effects and allowing them to drink excessive amounts before becoming intoxicated. Because these enzymes also aid in the metabolism of other drugs, a heavy drinker may develop a cross-tolerance to these substances as well. In other words, when tolerance to alcohol develops, it is possible to become more tolerant (less responsive) to certain other drugs.
Answer to Question 2
AUDs, a spectrum of behaviors that encompasses both recurrent excessive drinking and alcoholism, arises when drinking leads to negative physical, legal, and/or social consequences. AUDs are not discriminatory; they affect men and women, young and old, professional and nonprofessional, and rich and poor. Habitual alcohol abuse affects virtually every aspect of a person's life, including family relationships and performance at work and at school. Arrests related to public intoxication, driving while under the influence of alcohol, and other alcohol-related crimes often result in substantial legal problems.
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Phases of Drug Development
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The proposed evolutionary development of the mammalian