Explain the major nutrient/metabolic changes (glucose, lipid, ...

[Awilson837]

Explain the major nutrient/metabolic changes (glucose, lipid, protein, and energy expenditure) that may occur during AKI and that would potentially affect your nutrition recommendations.
 
  What will be an ideal response?

Question 2

What are the four major modes of treatment for hypertension?
 
  What will be an ideal response?

[macagn]

Answer to Question 1

 Major nutrient and metabolic changes that can occur during an AKI include a rapid decrease in urine output, which can lead to acidosis, electrolyte imbalances (hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia), fluid disturbances, impaired glucose utilization, protein catabolism, and accumulation of metabolic waste products.
 Energy: 25-35 kcal/kg based on the stress and normal nutrition status of the patient before the injury (if the patient was malnourished beforehand, he would have higher energy needs than this)
 Impaired glucose utilization and protein catabolism from uremia
Protein needs range from 0.8 to 2.0 g/kg/d
non-catabolic, not dialyzed: 0.8-1.0 g/kg/d
on renal replacement therapy: 1.0-1.5 g/kg/d
hypercatabolic, receiving CRRT: up to 2.0 g/kg/d
Hyperglycemia may arise due to calories from CRRT and response to metabolic stress
 Insulin may be needed due to insulin resistance resulting from AKI
 Serum TG should be within normal range if started on enteral or parenteral nutrition because a high TG value may indicate a reduced hepatic capacity for removal of long-chain and medium-chain fatty acids; if TG are high at first, these levels will need to be monitored closely for tolerance.

Answer to Question 2

 Lifestyle modifications
- Wt reduction
- DASH eating plan
- Physical activity
- Moderation of alcohol consumption
 Pharmacologic
- ACEIs (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors)
- ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers)
- BBs (beta blockers)
- CCBs (calcium channel blockers)
- Thiazide-type diuretics
 Smoking cessation
 Wt. loss

[Awilson837]

Excellent

[jamesnevil303]

TYSM